@article{gledocs_11858_9323,
author = {Hardadi, Gilang and Buchholz, Alexander and Pauliuk, Stefan},
title = {Implications of the distribution of German household environmental footprints across income groups for integrating environmental and social policy design  },
year = {2020},

abstract = {The distribution of German household environmental footprints (EnvFs) across income groups is analyzed by using EXIOBASE v3.6 and the consumer expenditure survey of 2013. Expenditure underreporting is corrected by using a novel method, where the expenditures are modeled as truncated normal distribution. The focus lies on carbon (CF) and material (MF) footprints, which for average German households are 9.1 ± 0.4 metric tons CO2e and 10.9 ± 0.6 metric tons material per capita. Although the lowest-income group has the lowest share of transportation in EnvFs, at 10.4% (CF) and 3.9% (MF), it has the highest share of electricity and utilities in EnvFs, at 39.4% (CF) and 16.7% (MF). In contrast, the highest-income group has the highest share of transportation in EnvFs, at 20.3% (CF) and 12.4% (MF). The highest-income group has a higher share of emissions produced overseas (38.6% vs. 34.3%) and imported resource use (69.9% vs. 66.4%) compared to the average households. When substituting 50% of imported goods with domestic ones in a counterfactual scenario, this group only decreases its CF by 2.8% and MF by 5.3%. Although incomes in Germany are distributed more equally (Gini index 0.28), the German household CF is distributed less equally (0.16). A uniform carbon tax across all sectors would be regressive (Suits index −0.13). Hence, a revenue recycling scheme is necessary to alleviate the burden on low-income households. The overall carbon intensity shows an inverted-U trend due to the increasing consumption of carbon-intensive heating for lower-income groups, indicating a possible rebound effect for these groups. This article met the requirements for a gold – gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.},
note = { \url {http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gldocs-11858/9323}},
}