%0 Journal article
%A Schuldt, Thilo
%A Gohlke, Martin
%A Oswald, Markus
%A Wüst, Jan
%A Blomberg, Tim
%A Döringshoff, Klaus
%A Bawamia, Ahmad
%A Wicht, Andreas
%A Lezius, Matthias
%A Voss, Kai
%A Krutzik, Markus
%A Herrmann, Sven
%A Kovalchuk, Evgeny
%A Peters, Achim
%A Braxmaier, Claus
%T Optical clock technologies for global navigation satellite systems
%R 10.1007/s10291-021-01113-2
%J GPS Solutions
%V 25
%N 3

%I Springer Berlin Heidelberg
%X Future generations of global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) can benefit from optical technologies. Especially optical clocks could back-up or replace the currently used microwave clocks, having the potential to improve GNSS position determination enabled by their lower frequency instabilities. Furthermore, optical clock technologies—in combination with optical inter-satellite links—enable new GNSS architectures, e.g., by synchronization of distant optical frequency references within the constellation using time and frequency transfer techniques. Optical frequency references based on Doppler-free spectroscopy of molecular iodine are seen as a promising candidate for a future GNSS optical clock. Compact and ruggedized setups have been developed, showing frequency instabilities at the 10–15 level for averaging times between 1 s and 10,000 s. We introduce optical clock technologies for applications in future GNSS and present the current status of our developments of iodine-based optical frequency references.
%U http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gldocs-11858/11468
%~  FID GEO-LEO e-docs