@article{gledocs_11858_8961,
author = {Barrett, Andrew I. and Wellmann, Constanze and Seifert, Axel and Hoose, Corinna and Vogel, Bernhard and Kunz, Michael},
title = {One Step at a Time: How Model Time Step Significantly Affects Convection-Permitting Simulations},
year = {2019},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {641-658},

abstract = {We show that there is a strong sensitivity of cloud microphysics to model time step in idealized convection-permitting simulations using the COnsortium for Small-scale MOdeling model. Specifically, we found a 53% reduction in precipitation when the time step is increased from 1 to 15 s, changes to the location of precipitation and hail reaching the surface, and changes to the vertical distribution of hydrometeors. The effect of cloud condensation nuclei perturbations on precipitation also changes both magnitude and sign with the changing model time step. The sensitivity arises because of the numerical implementation of processes in the model, specifically the so-called “splitting” of the dynamics (e.g., advection and diffusion) and the parameterized physics (e.g., microphysics scheme). Calculating one step at a time (sequential-update splitting) gives a significant time step dependence because large supersaturation with respect to liquid is generated in updraft regions, which strongly affect parameterized microphysical process rates—in particular, ice nucleation. In comparison, calculating both dynamics and microphysics using the same inputs of temperature and water vapor (hybrid parallel splitting) or adding an additional saturation adjustment within the dynamics reduces the time step sensitivity of surface precipitation by limiting the supersaturation seen by the microphysics, although sensitivity to time step remains for some processes.},
note = { \url {http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gldocs-11858/8961}},
}