EPSL ELSEVIER Earth and Planetary Science Letters 144 (1996) 529-546 OS, Sr, Nd, Pb, 0 isotope and trace element data from the Ferrar flood basalts, Antarctica: evidence for an enriched subcontinental lithospheric source M. Molzahn a,b, L. Reisberg ‘, G. Wiirner b*d,* a MUX Planck lnstirut firr Chemie, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany b lnstitut ftir Geowissenschaften, Unicersiriit Mainz. 55099 Main:. Germany ’ CNRS/ CRPG, BP 20. 54501 Vandczuure-les-Nancy. France ’ Geochemisches Institut, Universitiit Gb;ttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 1, D-37077 GGttingen, Germany Received 29 January 1996; revised 9 September 1996; accepted 12 September 1996 Abstract OS, Sr, Nd, Pb and 0 isotopes and trace element data are reported for basaltic andesite and andesite whole rocks and, in part, for selected mineral separates from the Jurassic Ferrar flood basalt province. Radiogenic Sr ( > 0.709), unradiogenic Nd (e Nd = - 3 to - 5), and radiogenic Pb isotopes, as well as low Nb/La ratios of 0.4-0.6 and Nb/La ratios between 0.45 and 0.6 are found for all rocks including our most primitive sample (Mg# = 7 1.9). This indicates involvement of either continental crust or enriched lithospheric mantle in magma genesis. ‘s’Re/ ‘*sOs correlates strongly with ‘*‘OS/ ‘ssOs, with an age of 172 + 5 Ma, in agreement with published Ar-Ar data. Initial ‘*‘OS/ ‘**OS of 0.194 + 0.023 is close to the range of typical mantle values for MORB, OIB and lithospheric mantle and much lower than that of continental crust. 6 “0 values between 5%a and 7%~ were obtained on fresh bulk samples, separated plagioclases and clinopyroxenes. Sr-0 and Sr-0s isotope mixing calculations between depleted mantle peridotite or mantle melts and crustal material rule out assimilation involving basalts with low OS concentrations, and simple binary mixing or pure AFC processes involving pi&es. AFC processes, combined with continuous replenishment of picritic magmas, can explain the isotopic data, provided the crustal end-member has high s’Sr/ 86Sr and low S’*O values. However, lower crustal samples displaying these characteristics are absent in the Ferrar region, and are also unlikely to impart the sediment-like trace element patterns observed in the Ferrar data. A more likely explanation is a lithospheric source enriched by subducted sediments. A contribution to Ferrar magmatism from a plume cannot be distinguished. Keywords: Ferrar Group; flood basalts; magma contamination; geochemistry 1. Introduction * Corresponding author. Fax: t49 551 393982. E-mail: gwoeme@gwdg.de Continental flood basalts represent large igneous provinces (LIPS, [l-4]) produced over relatively short times. Their origin remains a subject of controversy. 0012-821X/96/$12.00 Copyright 0 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII SOOIZ-821X(96)00178-1 530 M. Mokahn et ul. /Earth and Planetaryv Science Letters 144 (19961529-546 M. Mokahn et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 144 (IYWI 529-546 531 According to one interpretation, LIPS are induced by the arrival of a new plume head below continental lithosphere. Other authors believe flood basal& result from lithospheric rifting and subsequent upwelling and extensive melting of anomalously hot mantle [l-4]. Plume and asthenospheric material provide major sources for flood basalt provinces. However. heating by the plume and rising magmas may cause additional melting of lithosphere. As a result, many flood basalts have enriched geochemical and isotopic signatures, but it has been difficult to distinguish between magma sources in the crustal and enriched mantle lithosphere. Jurassic Ferrar flood basalts pro- vide an excellent opportunity to examine this prob- lem. These basalts exhibit evidence of lithospheric involvement, including strong enrichment of large ion lithophile elements and Pb, enrichment of in rare earth elements, negative (Tal-Nb anomalies, radio- genie Sr and Pb isotopes, and unradiogenic Nd iso- topes (Table 1 J. These systematics are observed even for very mafic rocks. Still stronger ‘crustal’ signa- tures have been documented for evolved rocks [5-71. These unusual characteristics have been explained by extensive (lower) crustal contamination of a depleted mantle-derived magma [5-81. or melting of an en- riched subcontinental mantle lithosphere [9- 121. We have measured OS isotope compositions in a suite of whole rock samples from Ferrar flood basalts (Victoria Land, Antarctica) along with Sr, Nd, Pb, and 0 isotopes and trace elements in order to address this controversy. The Re-0s system is useful be- cause “‘Re is slightly incompatible during mantle melting, while the daughter “‘OS is highly compati- ble and remains in the residue. This contrasting geochemical behaviour results in low ‘“‘OS/ ‘“*OS ratios for primitive mantle material (“‘OS/ ““OS = 0.120-o. 130) and a much higher “‘OS/ 18’Os ratio for average crust (> 1.2) [13-181. Re-0s isotope analyses of continental flood basalts are still rare [19,20] but include analyses of picrites from the Karoo flood basalt province of southern Africa [ 191. In that case, OS isotopes were successfully used to define the source as a mixture of enriched subconti- nental lithosphere and plume-derived mantle. We argue that our data largely rule out crustal assimilation and support the model of an old, en- riched. subcontinental mantle lithospheric source for the Ferrar province. Our results also define a Re-0s isochron with an age that agrees with the emplace- ment age determined from Ar-Ar measurements [21]. 2. Setting Ferrar flows and sills crop out over 3500 km along the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM), which divide the Antarctic continent into an eastern and western part. The province crosses several crustal domains, from the accreted Gondwana margin in Northern Victoria Land towards the East Antarctic Craton in the Queen Maud Land province (Fig. 1). Ferrar magmatism has been related to continental rifting and the break-up of Gondwana in the Jurassic [9,22,23]. Our samples were collected during the GANOVEX VI and VII Expeditions in Northern Victoria Land. The basement in this region com- prises three terranes, from west to east: the Wilson Terrane. the Bowers Terrane and the Robertson Bay Terrane, which were juxtaposed during the Ross Orogeny (520-460 Ma; [24-261). The Wilson Ter- rane represents the Precambrian western Gondwana margin overprinted by later terrane collisions. The Bowers Terrane is formed by a sequence of meta- morphic elastic sediments and volcanics, represent- ing an accreted island arc. Metamorphosed turbidites characterize the Robertson Bay Terrane. Crust and the mantle lithosphere underlying the Ferrar province are thus Precambrian in age. More specifically, the basement. as exposed at Walker Rocks some 50-100 km from our sampling sites, consists of Precambrian shales intruded by the I- to S-type granite Harbour Intrusives (550-500 Ma) and the Admiralty Intru- sives (ca. 400 Ma, I-type). In the Devonian to Trias- sic, elastic sediments of the Beacon Supergroup [26] were deposited unconformably on the basement rocks. Tertiary rifting resulted in the Ross Sea em- bayment and associated alkaline volcanic rocks. Sills from the Ferrar Supergroup intrude flat-lying sediments and, rarely, the metamorphic basement. Ferrar lavas cap the sequence, building a llood basalt sequence 700-800 m in height. Recent Ar-Ar dating indicates an emplacement age for sills and flows of about 177 + 0.2 Ma [21]. A younger thermal alter- 532 M. Molzahn et al. / Earth and Planetav Science Letters 144 (1996) 529-546 Table 1 Isotope and trace element data of Ferrar whole rock samples from the Prince Albert Mountains, Victoria Land, Antarctica Sample: BRI-03 BRI-29 MUR-04 MJY-01 MJY-02 RIH-02 TPS-02 Location: Brimstone Peak Brimstone Peak Mount Murray Mount Joyce Mount Joyce Ricker Hills Thumb Point Type: low-Ti flow high-Ti flow low-Ti sill low-Ti sill low-Ti sill low-Ti sill low-Ti sill SamDk tvDe: whole rock whole rock whole rock whole rock whole rock whole rock whole rock Re (ppt) 457 828 336 498 822 324 0s [pptl 7.5 1 7.09 18’Re/ ‘880s 322 343 ‘8’os/ ‘880s a 1.070 + 0.012 1.108 f 0.012 18’os/ ‘880s b 0.134 * 0.073 0.113 + 0.076 Rb (ppm) 19.7 Sr (w-d 138.1 135.7 “Rb/ 86Sr 0.413 0.420 s’Sr/ 86Sr a 0.71122i2 0.71122 + 1 “Sr/s’Sr b 0.71017 0.71016 Sm (ppm) 27.0 Nd (ppm) 11.3 ‘“‘Sm/ ‘44Nd 0.145 14’Nd/ ‘44Nd ’ 0.51241 f 1 14’Nd/ ‘44Nd b 0.51224 l Nd b -3.2 6’80 8.03 V 215 Cr 135 co 39 Ni 73 cu 79 Zn 74 Y 19 Zr 107 Nb 4.9 Ba 180 Ga 14.2 Pb 4.6 Th 4 U 0.9 Li 10.3 SC 50 CS 0.4 Hf 3 Ta 0.57 La 10.2 Ce 22 Pr 3 Eu 0.8 3.98 1598 4.892 f 0.044 0.248 f 0.172 64.0 128.2 127.6 1.444 1.451 0.71323 + 1 0.71320+2 0.70958 0.70953 6.9 28.4 0.146 0.51240 + 2 0.51223 - 3.5 6.01 422 8 47 23 219 133 45 430 13.1 372 20 11.2 7.4 2 26.5 52 1.8 7.2 0.96 25.4 51 7.5 1.9 6.33 7.56 277 231 0.950 * 0.006 0.934 f 0.009 0.145 + 0.076 0.261 + 0.069 24.0 125.2 0.556 0.849 0.681 1.043 0.573 0.71278 + 2 0.71377 + I 0.71339 + 2 0.71469 + I 0.71316 2 1 0.71137 0.71162 0.71166 0.71205 0.71171 3.0 10.3 0.172 0.51231 k 1 0.51211 -5.8 6.52 228 133 44 79 58 69 16 97 4.4 132 14.8 4.3 3.5 0.5 9 53 1.3 2.7 0.84 9.1 18 2.7 0.8 484 391 7.93 316 0.883 I!- 0.004 40.1 30.2 49.3 136.8 128.1 136.7 3.7 15.9 0.140 0.51231+ 1 0.51215 -5.0 7.01 236 94 42 71 80 84 22 143 6.9 212 15.8 6.6 5.2 11.2 49 2.3 4 1.03 13.8 28 4. I 1.1 9.74 203 0.692 + 0.008 0.102 + 0.054 3.0 12.5 0.142 0.51231+ I 0.51215 -5.1 6.21 241 116 42 83 67 75 19 119 5.2 172 15.6 5.2 3.5 0.8 13.8 54 3.3 0.51 11.2 22 3.3 433 215 417 214 174 d 4.39 18.1 15.2 d 581 59 71 d 2.022 f 0.019 0.463 f 0.014 0.334 f 0.114 0.475 + 0.004 d 0.293 f 0.040 0.270 f 0.020 d 21.1 106.6 4.6 2.1 19.9 7.7 0.139 0.164 0.51230 + 1 0.51231 + 2 0.51214 0.51212 -5.2 -5.6 4.79 6.29 237 192 41 296 42 53 48 167 99 58 97 71 27 14 198 54 10.7 3.7 325 160 16.8 13 9.4 3.4 10.1 3.6 1.9 0.5 31.6 7.9 42 52 1.5 0.8 3.5 1.6 0.87 0.57 20.3 6.6 42 14 5.6 1.9 1.2 0.5 M. Molzahn et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 144 (1996) 529-546 533 Table 1 (continued) Sample : BRI-03 BRI-29 MUR-04 MJY-01 MJY-02 RIH-02 TPS-02 Location: Brimstone Peak Brimstone Peak Mount Murray Mount Joyce Mount Joyce Ricker Hills Thumb Point Type: low-Ti flow high-Ti flow low-Ti sill low-Ti sill low-Ti sill low-Ti sill low-Ti sill Sample typypY: whole rock whole rock whole rock whole rock whole rock whole rock whole rock Gd 3.2 1.1 2.8 4.2 3.5 4.1 2.2 Tb 0.53 1.28 0.46 0.66 0.56 0.82 0.34 DY 3.3 8 3 4.2 3.5 4.5 2.4 Ho 0.7 1 1.71 0.62 0.87 0.76 0.94 0.5 Er 2.2 5 I .9 3.1 2.3 2.8 1.6 Tm 0.32 0.73 0.28 0.39 0.33 0.43 0.2 I Yb 2.2 5.2 1.9 2.7 2.3 2.7 1.6 Lu 0.32 0.73 0.29 0.40 0.35 0.44 0.23 Re and OS concentrations (ppt) by isotope dilution. ‘s’Os/ ‘“‘OS ratio calculated from “‘OS/ “‘0s using the natural “‘OS/ “*OS ratio (0.12035). Methods were similar to those described in [I 51. except that Re and OS were determined on separate powder splits. Both elements were measured on Pt filaments using the Finnigan MAT262 mass spectrometer of CRPC/CNRS (Nancy. France). Total procedural blanks varied from 1 to 2 pg for OS and from 9 to 50 pg for Re. a Present isotopic ratio. b Initial ratio corrected for an age of 177 Ma. Errors listed for present ratios are 2s.m inrun precisions. Errors for initial ‘870s/‘880s include uncertainties on both analytical precisions and Re and OS blank corrections. Data listed on alternate lines represent repeat analyses of separate powder sphts. ’ Age correction resulted in negative value, Fig. 5 plots a value of zero. d Data obtained at LDEO. Re concentrations from the highest quality runs are listed in the first row and used to calculate all corresponding ‘s’Re/ lK80s ratios. The typical error on the “‘Re/ ‘8ROs ratio is about *25 and includes uncertainties on the Re determination and Re blank corrections. OS concentration includes radiogenic ‘a’0s. Data points used for the isochron calculation are given in bold. Sr and Nd isotopes were corrected for fractionation using 86Sr/ **Sr = 0.1194 and ‘46 Nd/ ‘““Nd = 0.7129. respectively. eNd values were calculated using “‘Nd/ ‘J6Nd,-uus totlay = 0.512638 and 14’Sm/ ‘4JNdCnus roday = 0.1966 ation of the Ferrar province occurred at c. 100 Ma ([27], and own unpublished data). The bulk of the Ferrar province is basaltic andesite to andesite in composition, basalts are rare. Nevertheless, in accor- dance with the general custom, we use the term Ferrar ‘ basalts’ . Ferrar rocks typically have high initial 87Sr/ S6Sr ratios (> 0.7081, initial eNd values below - 3, and radiogenenic Pb isotopes suggesting a lithospheric (crust or mantle) input (Tables 1 and 2; and 15-l 11). In contrast, flood basalts of the same age from the Queen Maud Land province in Antarctica (Fig. 1) have lower 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios (< 0.707) and higher initial ENd values and were related to a plume [ 111 and the Karoo flood basalts [28]. Basalts from the intermediate Coats Land region [l 11 display chemi- cal and isotopic compositions transitional between the two provinces. The Ferrar province was related to an extensional regime of a back-arc environment inboard from the Jurassic Western Gondwana active margin [22]. A plume origin (thermal or chemical) for the Ferrar basalt source is still debated. 3. Methods Sr, Nd, Pb isotopes were determined at the Max Planck Institute (Mainz) and 0 isotopes and trace elements by ICP-MS (G&tinge& by standard tech- niques. Re and OS isotope compositions were mea- sured at the CRPG/CNRS in Nancy following [17]. About 6 g of powder spiked with 19’Os were dis- solved for 12 h at 110°C in a reducing HCl + HF + ethanol solution, dried down, and taken up in HCl + HF + ethanol five times. Samples were then heated to 140°C in concentrated H,SO,. OS was distilled in a two-stage silica glass still from a solution of CrV’ in 5 N H,SO,. Oxidized OS was evaporated and transported to 1% H,O, solution in the first step. In the second step, OS from this solution was again vaporized and caught in 9 N HBr. A single bead of CHELEX 20 was used to purify the OS fraction. For Re, about 1.5 g of sample spiked with issRe was dissolved in a HF:HNO, mix at 110°C for 4 days. The Re fraction was separated by loading in 0.8 N HNO, onto a cation exchange column (AG 1 X 8 534 M. Molzahn ef al. / Earth and Planetan~ Science Letters 144 (1996) 529-546 M. Molzahn et al. /Earth and Planetar! Science Letters 144 (1996) 529-546 535 resin) and eluted with 8 N HNO,. A single bead of AG 1 X 4 was used to purify the Re fraction. Total blanks were less than 1 pg OS per 1 g of sample and quite variable for Re (about 1.5 pg per 1 g of sample). Re values presented in Table 1 have been blank corrected. OS and Re isotope compositions were measured on a Finnigan MAT 262 at the CRPG/CNRS in negative thermal ionization mode [30,3 11. Correc- tions for ‘R7Re0, were made to mass 235 using the mass 233 intensity, on the assumption that this peak consisted solely of “‘ReO,. This assumption is justi- fied, because changes in the 235/236 ratio during a run correlated with changes in 233/236 intensity. In order to account for possible problems related to the ‘nugget effect’ of high Re and OS concentra- tions in sulphides, we analyzed three samples for Re, OS and OS isotopes and two additional samples for Re twice. Our results (Table 1) show good repro- ducibility, thus the nugget effect should be minimal. A data set including ICP-MS trace elements can be obtained from the authors on request. 4. Assimilation or a lithospheric mantle source for Ferrar magmatism? Trace element patterns Spider diagrams (Fig. 2) for Ferrar Lavas have rather low abundance of incompatible elements, be- tween 10 times and 100 times those of primitive mantle [32]. with Nd concentrations close to those of 1000 I I I I I , I / , I E 1 , ( , i , , ( , , / , , / , CsRbSaTh U K TaNbLaCePbSrNdHf ZrSmTTb Y Fig. 2. Multi-element spider diagrams normalized to primitive mantle [32] for Ferrar lavas from Victoria Land. I b . . : i 0 ?C, 040 0.60 0 80 I .oo Zr/Ba Fig. 3. Nb/La vs. Zr/Ba for Ferrar laws from Victoria Land. Fields taken from [33]. MORB [ 101. The patterns show spikes of enrichment for Th and Pb and depletion for P (not in Fig. 2) and Ti on a slightly incompatible-enriched pattern. Ore and apatite fractionation during differentiation can only partly account for this observation. since even the most mafic sample shows significant P and Ti depletion. Distinct negative spikes also exist for Nb. Subcontinental lithospheric magma sources for the ParanL province have been shown to be distinct from asthenospheric and/or plume sources in Nb/La and Zr/Ba ratios [33]. Zr/Ba around 0.4-0.6 and Nb/La ratios between 0.45 and 0.6 for Ferrar basalts and andesites (Fig. 3) fall near the continental mantle lithosphere field 133,341. A detectable contribution from an asthenospheric or plume source in Ferrar magmas is not evident. However, the low Nb/La signature is also typical of crustally contaminated magmas. Therefore, clear discrimination between crustal and subcontinental mantle lithosphere sources for the Ferrar basalts is not possible based on these parameters alone. 4.1. OS, Sr and 0 isotopic evidence The OS isotopic ratio provides a powerful tool for distinguishing between crustal and subcontinental mantle lithosphere sources. It must, however, be demonstrated that the Re/Os systematics reflect magmatic processes, since OS may be mobile under oxidizing conditions, causing spurious and high Re/Os ratios. OS concentrations and Re/Os ratios in our Ferrar samples strongly correlate with differ- 536 M. Molzahn et al. /Earth and Planeta? Science Letters 144 (19961529-546 ent parameters of both fractionation and oxidation. However, perfectly fresh rocks, as well as slightly altered and oxidized sills or vesicular flows, all fall on the same trend relating Re/Os to Mg#, suggest- ing that alteration does not control this correlation. Thus, the OS concentrations and Re/Os ratios were, at most, only slightly affected by secondary pro- cesses. More evidence that the Re/Os ratios were not greatly perturbed by alteration comes from ‘87Re/ ‘880s correlation with ‘*‘OS/ ‘880s (Fig. 4), giving an age of 172 & 5 Ma and an initial ‘870s/ ‘880s = 0.194 + 0.023. The MSWD of this isochron is 8.6 (using a program by F. Albarede, based on [35]). This age is within error of the best available Ar-Ar dates (177 & 0.2 Ma, [21]) suggest- ing it is geologically meaningful. Mantle OS isotopic compositions are slightly het- erogeneous for different reservoirs [ 13,17,29,36-451: The subcontinental mantle lithosphere has depleted ‘870s/ ‘s80s ratios in the range 0.105-0.131, with values up to 0.138 for some lithospheric xenoliths. MORB falls in the range 0,132-O. 158, with highest values for Indian Ocean MORB of 0.205, although more radiogenic values may reflect incorporation of oceanic sediment or seawater, The plume sources of OIB basalts have ‘870s/ ‘s80s ratios from 0.120 to 0.150. It is unrealistic to assess different mantle sources for Ferrar magmas based on our OS data because of the large analytical error on the measured ls70s/ ‘880s ratios caused by the very low OS con- centrations (generally less than 10 ppt), and the large corrections that must be made for radiogenic growth of ‘870s since emplacement (over 95% of the ls70s in sample BRI-29 was radiogenic). One age-cor- rected sample even gives a negative lX70s/ ‘s80s value, with its error reaching into the range of the other samples. However, we can still conclude that the initial OS isotope ratios (within error) fall close to mantle values for MORB, OIB and lithospheric mantle and that the OS isotope ratios are much lower than those of any typical continental crustal rocks [ 181. However, the radiogenic Sr and unradiogenic Nd of our samples, well outside the range of OIBs, rule out a derivation from asthenospheric or plume mantle. The question then remains: Do these rocks represent melts of the enriched subcontinental mantle lithosphere, or melts from the convecting mantle that subsequently suffered crustal contamination? 0 200 400 600 800 1000 ‘200 1400 1600 t87Re/l@K)s Fig. 4. Re-0s isochron assuming uncorrelated errors. n = powder splits with the better in-run precision used in the regression calculation, 0 = duplicates. 2s-m in-run uncertainties were used for the errors on the lE70s/ “sOs ratios. A _+25 ppt error on ‘s7Re/ ‘880s ratios derives from uncertainties in the Re repro- ducibility and the Re blank correction. This value was used to calculate the ‘*‘Re/ Ia8 OS errors used in the regression. Errors on 18’Re/ ‘880s and ‘*‘OS/ ‘880s ratios are within the limits of the data symbols, except for ‘87Re/‘x80s for the two high ‘s’Re/ ‘s*Os samples. The MSWD (8.6) varies significantly with the choice of errors used in the regression. Simple mixing relations between depleted peri- dotites (lithospheric enrichment model) and mantle magmas (assimilation model), and enriched upper and lower crustal reservoirs are tested in ‘*‘OS/ ‘880s-87Sr/ 86Sr and s7Sr/ 86Sr-6’80 dia- grams (Figs. 5 and 6). Sr and OS concentrations and isotopic ratios of the upper crustal end-member were chosen to be typical of terrigenous sediments [ 18,461. While we have no direct knowledge of the OS iso- topic composition of the continental crust underlying the Ferrar province, the high *?Sr/ 86Sr ratios, low ‘43Nd/ ‘44Nd ratios, and high 207Pb/ ‘04Pb (relative to 206Pb/ ‘04Pb) ratios of the Ferrar lavas indicate that a crustal contaminant would have to be old. Metamorphic and igneous ages from the Ross Orogeny range from 480 to 560 Ma while Nd crustal residence ages range from 1.3 to 1.8 Ga [47,48]. Granitoids at Walker Rocks, near our sampling sites, gave an age of 525 f~ 5 Ma (own unpublished data). Given the Nd model ages and the absence of lR70s/ “‘0s data on crustal rocks from the Transantarctic Mountains it is conservative to as- sume ‘870s/ ‘880s ratios at least as high as the terrigenous sediment average ( ‘870s/ ‘880s = 1.2, M. Molzahn et 01. /Earth and Planetary Science Letters 144 (1996) 529-546 537 [18]) for potential upper crustal contaminants. This sediment average thus probably underestimates the average upper crustal ratio [18]. This suggestion is supported by river sediment leachate data [49], which imply that the soluble phases of crustal rocks may contain OS more radiogenic than that of bulk sedi- ments. In addition to upper crustal assimilation, we will also consider contamination by lower crust, using isotopic compositions of xenoliths from Ross Sea volcanics and from the Chudleigh province in northeast Australia [50-521. 4.2. Upper crustal ussimilation We have combined all available data on crustal rocks from the Transantarctic Mountains and made a choice from this data set as to a likely isotopic and trace element composition of the middle to upper crust (Figs. 5 and 6). AFC processes are well docu- mented for more evolved Ferrar rocks [6,7], where parameters of differentiation correlate with isotopic parameters and Sr and Nd isotopic compositions are even more, or even less, radiogenic than in the rocks considered here. The crustal end-member derived from such assimilation trends is silicic, high in Sr, low in Nd and heavy in 0 isotopes. We argue that assimilation of such upper crustal rocks is unlikely to explain the enriched isotopic and trace element sys- tematics of our mafic Ferrar rocks. Eight mixing hyperbolae have been calculated in a Sr-0s isotope diagram (Fig. 5), between crust and mantle peridotite for the lithosphere enrichment model (curves A and F) and between crust and mantle-derived picritic melt (B, G and H) and mantle basalt (C, D and E) for the assimilation model. The OS concentration of the basalt (15 ppt) is comparable to that of our most primitive sample TPS-02. This basalt has a Mg# of 71.9 (all Fe = Fe’.’ ) but lacks petrographic evidence of olivine accumulation. We therefore argue that this magma could have been in equilibrium with a mantle source and thus provides a possible end-member for crustal assimilation models. The picrite magma was assumed to have 1000 ppt OS and the mantle peridotite 3000 ppt. Crustal OS contents are 50 and 10 ppt for upper and lower crust, respectively. The Sr content of the crustal end-member pro- vides a major control on the mixing lines. Therefore Sr has been varied over reasonable ranges in crustal compositions (100 ppm and 300 ppm). Mixing curves (Fig. 5) for contamination of picrite magma (B and G) and mixing between mantle peridotite and crustal material (A, F and source contamination) fall close to our ls70s/ ““OS and *‘Sr/ ” Sr data. However, the mixing proportions vary greatly. Bulk mixing between basaltic magmas and upper crust (C and D) produces curves that plot well above the data field. Upper crustal assimilation by basaltic magmas (C and D) by either bulk mixing or AFC-type processes, which will produce even higher ‘870s/ lXROs ratios, can thus be ruled out. Of the remaining options, bulk mixing between upper crust and picritic magma (curves B and G) are also untenable, since energy balance considerations [53] require that incorporation of large amounts of crust (40-60% for case B, and 20-35% for case G) will be accompanied by extensive fractional crystal- lization. Since OS is highly compatible (Do,,vinr,ba\a,t - 20, [54]) such crystallization will rapidly decrease the magmatic OS content, rendering the OS isotopic ratio susceptible to the effects of crustal assimilation. If we assume a picrite magma with 1820% MgO and 1000 ppt OS, about 20-25% fractionation of olivine would be needed to explain the difference in MgO and OS content between the presumed picrite and our most mafic sample (15 ppt OS). If assimila- tion of crust is assumed and accompanied by cooling and crystallization, then 10% fractional crystalliza- tion results in a concentration of 135 ppt OS. At this OS content, mixing curves would pass through only the two most radiogenic samples. Thus fractional crystallization would be limited to less than 10% throughout the entire assimilation process. Among our samples, we see no relationship be- tween initial OS isotopic ratio and degree of fraction- ation. In fact, the most fractionated sample, BRI-29 (Mg# = 27. [OS] = 4 ppt) has an initial “‘OS/ “‘0s ratio that is within error of that of TPS-02, the most primitive sample (Mg# = 7 1.9, [OS] = 15 ppt). Thus, simple AFC processes can be rejected. More compli- cated models involving magma replenishment are considered below. Mixing relations in 6 ‘8O-x7 Sr/ “Sr space are shown in Fig. 6. Curve A represents mixing between a mantle peridotite and subducted sediments (enrich- ment model, as in Fig. 5). The field between curves 538 M. Molzahn et al. / Earth and Planetay Science Letters 144 f 19961529-546 0.8 0.6 0.700 0.705 0.710 0.715 0.720 0.5 1 ’ 1 ’ 1 1 0.4 F I Sr (ppm) OS (PPl) 0.3 02 0.1 40 I +-I 87 2o 3o - + oo~od 0.708 0.711 0714 I i A peridotire crust D basalt 150 I5 crust I# SO 150 IS 300 10 16 3000 100 50 100 IO00 300 SO 0.71 I 0.714 H g:,, :: 1000 to ‘%$%s = 0.1276 Tw%r = 0.7030 CiuSt (A-D, F, G) : (E. m: ‘~Os/‘“os = 1.2035 3.5 Qrl%r = 0.7180 0.715 Fig. 5. Initial “‘OS/ ‘“ROs vs. initial 87Sr/ R6Sr. Model curves represent mixing between mantle peridotite and crustal sediments (source contamination) and mantle magmas (basalts and picrites) and crust (crustal contamination). The crustal end-member was chosen to be variable in Sr content (100-300 ppm). The “‘OS/ ‘X80s-R7Sr/ 8”Sr reference data field for lower crustal xenoliths from the Chudleigh province in NE Australia was kindly made availiable by Albert0 Saal (ISI] and Saal et al. unpubl. data). M. Molzahn et al. /Earth and Planetary Science Letters 144 11996) 529-546 18 16 14 - A L Average Ross Sea and TAM TAM cnlst 12 - lower crustal xenoliths lo- 8- 6- crustal xenoliths 2- Mantle source 0 I’ I I’ ‘I”, 0.702 0.706 0.710 0.714 0.718 (87Sri86Sr)at 178 Ma 539 Fig. 6. Initial *‘Sr/ 86Sr vs. 6”O mixing curves and Ferrar whole rock and mineral data. (A) Source contamination: peridotite (Sr = 16 ppm, s’Sr/ 86Sr = 0.703) contaminated by sediments (Sr = 300 ppm, 8’ Sr/ 86Sr = 0.718). (B) Crustal contamination of picrite (Sr = 100 ppm. “Sr/ 86Sr = 0.703) with Sr-poor crust (Sr = 100 ppm, ” “Sr/ ahSr = 0.703) with Sr-rich crust (Sr = 300 ppm. a’ Sr/a’Sr = 0.720). (0 crustal contamination of picrite (Sr = 100 ppm, Sr/ *(‘Sr = 0.720). 0 concentration: 48% for sediment or crust and 40% for mantle peridotite and melts. The crustal sediment end-member has 6180 = 15% and mantle values are 6’sO = 5.70%~ SMOW. The plotted data from our Ferrar rocks were screened for alteration and represent fresh whole rocks ( q ); separated clean clinopyroxenes ( n I; and plagioclase (0). The data field for Chudleigh lower crustal xenoliths is from [56], data for xenoliths from the Ross Sea and TAM region are from [50]. Granitoids of the Ross Orogeny are of transitional S- and l-type, representing the composition of the TAM crust. All Sr isotopic ratios have been calculated as initials at 178 Ma. the age of Ferrar magmatism. B and C covers mixing relations (assimilation model) between basaltic and picritic melts and various crustal compositions (Sr = 100-300 ppm) which have been approximated from our own and published data on crustal rocks from the TAM [48]. Curves for mixing between sediments and basaltic and picritic magmas are highly concave (not shown) and plot well above the data field. Our data from fresh Ferrar rocks and clean mineral separates fall on the peridotite-sedi- ment mixing line (A). Only the high-Sr (300 ppm) TAM crust-picrite mixing trend (curve C, Fig. 6) falls close to the upper S I80 range of the Ferrar field. Mixing relations would suggest 1%25% crust. A basalt-%-rich crust mix (not shown) would fall between the two curves B and C and above the Ferrar data. 4.3. Lower crustal assimilation Another possible crustal assimilant is lower conti- nental crust, which can be rather unradiogenic in Sr and low in 6 “0. Such lower crust has been docu- mented from xenoliths, for example. those found in the Tertiary to Recent volcanics from the Ross Sea and Transantarctic Mountain region ([SO], and own unpublished data) and Chudleigh and McBride vol- canic provinces (northeast Australia, [5 1,52,55]). While the TAM and Ross Sea lower crustal xenoliths may directly relate to assimilation by Ferrar magmas, the Chudleigh xenolith suite from northeast Australia cannot be correlated directly with the lower crust below the TAM. However, the Chudleigh xenoliths have now been analysed also for 1870s/ ‘**OS ([5 I], and Saal et al., 1996, in prep.) and the hypothesis of lower crustal assimilation can now be tested for OS isotopes as well (Figs. 5 and 6). The majority of the Sr-OS-0 and Sr-0 data for the Chudleigh and Ross Sea/TAM xenoliths, respec- tively, fall entirely outside any meaningful end-mem- ber composition for a lower crustal bulk mixing trend for Ferrar magmas. Binary mixing between the most radiogenic and extreme Chudleigh range and 540 M. Molzahn et al. /Earth and Planetary Science Letters 144 (19961529-546 basalt from a depleted mantle source produces mix- ing curves (Fig. 5E) that plot well above the Ferrar data, even if very low OS (IO ppt) and high Sr concentrations (300 ppm) are assumed for the con- taminant. Basalt bulk assimilation of lower crust can thus be ruled out. However, mixtures between this extreme end-member and picritic magmas pass through the data field (Fig. 5, curve H), but only at crustal proportions of 30-50%. Such large amounts of crust are unlikely for magmas that range from mafic (Mg# = 7 1.9) to intermediate compositions, while AFC processes, without magma replenishment, will lead to much more radiogenic OS compositions. Thus, both bulk mixing and AFC lower crustal con- tamination of picritic magmas can be excluded. A further argument against the picrite contamina- tion model comes from consideration of the coupled 0 and Sr isotope data (Fig. 6). It is obvious that assimilation with lower crust comparable to the TAM and Ross Sea xenoliths cannot explain the enriched signature of Ferrar lavas. High 87Sr/ 86Sr is corre- lated with high S’*O for the lower crust in the Ross Sea and TAM, and the majority of the data fall to the low 87Sr/ 86Sr side of the Ferrar data field. Thus, even though low 6 “0 rocks do exist at the base of the TAM and Ross Sea crust, their typical 87Sr/ *‘Sr ratios are much too low for them to be potential assimilants. This is also true for the majority of the Chudleigh data [51]. Only the most enriched Chudleigh compositions can serve as a mixing end- member. We conclude that the Sr-OS-0 systematics of known lower crust are incapable of explaining the enriched signature of Ferrar magmas through bulk mixing or AFC processes. Fig. 7. ‘870S/ ‘880s and S I80 values obtained for replenishment- AFC model calculations [58], as a function of r (rate of crustal assimilation/rate of fractional crystallization) and /3 (rate of magma replenishment/rate of assimilation), using a *‘Sr/ R6Sr ratio for the contaminated magma of 0.7 I 1. The following values were used: Ds, = 0.1; Do, = 20; Do = 1. Concentrations and iso- topic ratios for original and recharge magmas were: Sr = 100 ppm. “Sr/ s6Sr = 0.703; OS = 1000 ppt, 18’Os/ ‘*‘OS = 0.1276; 0 = 40%, 6 I80 = 5.5. Values for the crustal assimilant were: (a) and (c) Upper crustal sediments: Sr = 300 ppm, *‘Sr/ 86Sr = 0.718; OS = 50 ppt. ‘“‘OS/ ‘*‘OS = 1.2035; 0 = 48%. S’“0 = 15. (b) and (d) Lower crust: Sr = 300 ppm, *‘Sr/ *‘Sr = 0.715; OS = 10 ppt. and the extreme 18’Os/ ‘s80s = 3.5 of the Chudleigh data [51]: 0 = 48% 6’sO = 6.5. 4.4. AFC models with magma replenishment Several models for flood basalt genesis [8,57,58] combine AFC processes with magma chamber refill- ing, fractionation, and tapping processes. Taking equation 10 from [58] and a typical 87Sr/ 86Sr ratio of 0.711 for the observed magmas, we calculated the lR70s/ “‘OS and 6 “0 ratios that would result from I .25 0.0 g ’ tQ 5 0.75 0 L 0.5 0.25 0.0 13 12 9 II z 10 9 8 6.2 g 6.; z 6.1 t 5.! Assimilation of upper crustal sediments \ Assimilation of lower crust (b: Assimilation of upper crustal sediments Assimilation of lower crwt 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 r = rate of assimilation / rate of crystallization M. Molzahn et al. /Earth and Planetap Science Letters 144 (1996) 529-546 541 assuming various rates of r (rate of assimilation of crust/rate of fractional crystallization) and p (rate of magma replenishment/rate of assimilation) for a picritic magma undergoing this process. Results for upper crustal and lower crustal contamination are plotted in Fig. 7. Parameters used in the calculations are listed in the caption. Note that as r becomes very large, the case of simple binary mixing is ap- proached. The case of p = 0 is equivalent to pure AFC. For both upper and lower crustal contamina- tion (Fig. 7a,bI, AFC leads to Is70s/ ‘8ROs ratios much greater than those observed, except at unrealis- tically high values of r, which should have an upper limit of about 1. However, at higher rates of magma replenishment ( 6 > 0.6) assimilation of both upper and lower crustal material can produce the observed OS isotopic ratios. This is true, however, only for picritic magmas that start with high OS concentra- tions. Oxygen isotopes provide a better constraint. For the case of upper crustal assimilation, assuming a 6 I80 value of 15, typical of average sediments for the contaminant, 6 ‘*O never approaches the ob- served values of about 6. regardless of the values chosen for r and /3 (Fig. 7~). Contamination by average TAM granitic crust (not shown), with 6 I80 equal to about 1 I, works better, but still produces 6 I8 0 values ( N 7) that only skim the top of the data field. For lower crustal assimilation, the observed oxygen compositions can be produced, assuming a contaminant composition comparable to those of the Chudleigh xenoliths with the most radiogenic Sr ratios (Fig. 7dI. However, it should be noted that the great majority of the lower crustal xenoliths from the Ross Sea, TAM and Chudleigh regions do not pro- vide suitable assimilants. A serious problem with the replenishment-AFC model is that it tends to produce high incompatible element contents, while the Ferrar lavas and equiva- lent Tasmanian dolerites have surprisingly low con- centrations of these elements [ 10,59,60]. This is per- haps not a fatal flaw in the model, since the end- member compositions are only poorly known. How- ever, it does pose some constraints on these composi- tions. In particular, it leads to the conclusion that the Sr concentration of the assimilant must be fairly high. Otherwise, very large amounts of assimilation would be needed to reach the observed 87Sr/ 86 Sr ratios, which would be coupled with large amounts of fractional crystallization, driving up the incompat- ible element contents in the magma to unrealistically high levels. To sum up, replenishment-AFC models could ex- plain the observed Sr, OS and 0 isotopic data. How- ever, for this to be true, the following conditions must be met: The initial magma must have high OS concentrations, and the rate of replenishment relative to the rate of assimilation must be moderate to high. The assimilant must have high 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios cou- pled with low 6”O values and high Sr contents, which rules out the majority of lower crustal xeno- liths found in the Antarctic region, as well as typical upper crustal compositions, including sediments. Fi- nally, such lower crust must also impart a trace element pattern of terrestrial sediments onto the con- taminated magmas. Considering these requirements, the observed range of lower crustal compositions, and the absence of direct evidence for derivation of Ferrar flood basalts from picrite parents, our preferred interpreta- tion is that assimilation is not responsible for the enriched characteristics of the Ferrar magmas. In contrast, peridotite-sediment mixing and melting of such enriched lithosphere could explain the observed geochemical characteristics. We will therefore test enrichment and melting of a lithospheric mantle source as an alternative model. 4.5. Trace element melting models Ferrar rocks are characterized by trace element patterns that parallel those of terrestrial shales ([59,60]. Fig. 2). A sedimentary origin for the con- taminant is also suggested by their high ‘07 Pb/ *04 Pb relative to ‘06Pb/ 204Pb ratios. Thus it is reasonable to model the enriched signature of Ferrar magmas by melting a depleted mantle source that has been en- riched in the mantle lithosphere by introduction of a sediment component during subduction [9,10]. We performed batch melting calculations on a source assumed to consist of a mixture of depleted MORB source mantle and sediment (Fig. 8) with sediment proportions varying between 1% and 10% and batch melting between 1% and 30%. We find the best agreement between observed (TPS-02, Mg# = 7 1.9) and calculated compositions for 3% sediment in the 542 hi. Molzahn et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 144 (1996) 529-546 - TPS-02 0 1% melting l 2% melting 0 5% melting w 10% melting A 20% melting 1 I I I I I , I , I ( I I ,7 , , ( , I I CsRbBaTh U K TaNbLaCePbSrNdHf ZrSmTiTb Y 3% PATS c.0 11 CsRbSaTh U K TaNbLaaCePbSrNdHl Z,SmITb Y IQ300 10 % PATS IOW 100 10 CsRbSaTh U K TaNbLaCePbSrNdHf ZrSmTrTb Y Fig. 8. Trace element melting models of sediment-peridotite mixtures. Pre-contamination peridotite compositions are based on a depleted MORB source composition [61], while sediment com- positions are based on the post-Archean terrestrial shale average [46]. A batch melting process (l-40%) is assumed. The best fit between the model and the measured trace element data on Ferrar rocks is found at 15-20% melting of a source enriched by contamination with 3% sediment. source (consistent with the peridotite-sediment mix- ing curves) and 15-20% melting. Deviations be- tween the model and observation could be due in part to the fact that incorporation of sediment into the mantle by subduction will undoubtedly result in trace element fractionation. Assuming bulk addition of a sediment composition, therefore, is the simplest possible model. We note that the melting degree is rather high but is in agreement with the low overall incompatible trace element contents. Furthermore, addition of pre- sumably water-rich sediments would facilitate melt production. In fact, if melting of hydrous peridotite is permitted, then large amounts of melt may be obtained from a lithospheric mantle [64]. The model of melting sediment-enriched lithosphere is capable of explaining both the isotope characteristics and the trace element patterns of Ferrar magmas. It is also more capable of explaining the surprising spatial uniformity of these characteristics, which may vary little over several thousand kilometres [lo], since marine [62] and terrestrial sediments [ 18,631 display less isotopic diversity than Antarctic crustal rocks. Thus the homogeneity, as well as the isotopic and trace element compositions of these lavas, can be explained by the sediment enrichment model. 5. Conclusions Major and trace element data, as well as Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope compositions, from mafic to interme- diate lavas and sills from the Ferrar flood basalt province (Prince Albert Mountains) suggest a contri- bution of a strongly enriched component. Even our most mafic sample (Mg# = 7 1.9) has crustal Sr and Nd isotope compositions, and a trace element pattern similar to those of terrestrial sediments, but falls into the mantle range with respect to its 0 and OS isotopes. The combination of the “‘OS/ ‘**OS-*‘Sr/ 86Sr and S I8 O-“‘Sr/ “Sr systematics allows us to ex- clude both upper and lower crustal assimilation by basaltic magmas. AFC processes, coupled with re- plenishment of picritic magma, could explain the OS isotopic data; however, only by assuming a crustal component with low S I80 and high “Sr/ s6Sr iso- tope compositions and high Sr contents ( > 300 ppm), which excludes typical upper crustal sediments. The appropriate Sr and 0 isotopic compositions also do not exist among lower crustal xenoliths from the TAM and Ross Sea areas. The required composi- tions, except for high Sr contents, are found only among extreme members of the Chudleigh lower crustal xenolith suite of northeast Australia. Assimi- lation models can thus not readily explain the low M. Molzahn et al./Earih and Planetary Science Letters 144 (1996) 529-546 543 incompatible element contents and the trace element patterns of Ferrar rocks that mimic those of terres- trial sediments. Our data can be reconciled by mixing mantle peridotite and crustal material (Fig. 5 curves A and E), suggesting a subcontinental mantle lithosphere enriched in crustal material as a source for Ferrar magmas. Melting models show that about 15-20%~ melting of a peridotite enriched by about 3% sedi- mentary material reproduces the trace clement pat- tern observed in mafic Ferrar lavas. Similar amounts of source contamination have been invoked previ- ously [10,59,60]. A mechanism for enriching the lithosphere may have been provided by the subduc- tion zone that existed on the Pacific margin of Gondwana until the Jurassic. ject ‘ ‘Ferrar-Laven” (Wii 362/7- 1,2). Financial sup- port for the stay of MM in Nancy was provided by the DAAD (512 006 594 4). Al Hofmann supported this study in many ways and provided facilities for Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope measurements at the Max Planck Institut in Mainz. Klaus Mezger helped with the Pb isotope analyses. We thank Nick Amdt and Steve Shirey for critical comments which focused our arguments. Last, but certainly not least, we are indebted to Albert0 Saal from Woods Hole and his co-workers for providing and letting us use his un- published OS isotope data on Chudleigh xenoliths. Without his help it would have been difficult to assess lower crustal assimilation models. [CL] The Nb/La-Zr/Ba relations exclude a detectable plume component. Constant Nb/La with variable Zr/Ba, if caused by sediment contamination of a mantle source, would have to result from a sediment composition highly variable in Ba, which is a reason- able assumption considering the large range of Ba values found for pelagic sediments. References [II D.1 A plume component in the Ferrar source can thus not be distinguished in either the trace element or the isotope data. It is possible that such a component exists but is masked by the lithospheric signal. How- ever, the extent of a plume contribution is limited by the fact that it would have to be counter-balanced by even more extreme incompatible element enrichment of the lithosphere. 131 I41 151 Melting of a hydrous mantle lithosphere may have been induced by a thermal contribution from a plume. 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