TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kopte, Robert
A1  - Becker, Marius
A1  - Holtermann, Peter
A1  - Winter, Christian
T1  - Tides, Stratification, and Counter Rotation: The German Bight ROFI in Comparison to Other Regions of Freshwater Influence
Y1  - 2022-06-03
VL  - 127
IS  - 6
JF  - Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
DO  - 10.1029/2021JC018236
PB  - 
N2  - The characteristics of tidal velocity profiles and their relation to stratification are investigated based on high‐resolution field data collected at four locations in the German Bight Region of Freshwater Influence (ROFI) in the North Sea. The deployments each include two to three tidal cycles and were conducted during field campaigns in August 2016 and May 2018. The depth‐averaged semidiurnal tidal motion is dominated by a standing wave directed toward the coast, but modified by a smaller, coast‐parallel progressive wave contribution. The time series of the tidal velocity profiles consistently show tidal asymmetries with higher flood than ebb velocities near the surface and counter‐clockwise rotation of the velocity trajectories at depth. Near the surface, phase‐locked periodic changes in the sense of rotation within the tidal cycle are evident for three deployments, resulting in periodic counter‐rotation of the upper and lower layer. During these episodes, stratification of the water column is observed. Counter‐rotation is initiated after a sudden decoupling developing from the surface downward, with subsequent rapid development of stratification and velocity shear. The observed decoupling is most likely triggered by advection of the plume‐induced lateral surface density gradient by weakly sheared ebb currents toward the study site. Due to the dominance of the standing wave in the German Bight ROFI, the observed intra‐tidal variations of stratification are more similar to the Liverpool Bay and differ significantly from the Rhine ROFI, where the tidal dynamics are controlled by a progressive Kelvin wave.
N2  - Plain Language Summary; The water velocities in the German Bight are strongly influenced by river freshwater input and semidiurnal tides. While the freshwater input from the rivers has a stratifying effect, tidal motion as well as wind and waves induce mixing. These forces compete in controlling the state of the water column in a complex manner. In theory, tidal motion should describe elliptical paths. However, in reality, these ellipses can be modified for example, by periodically occurring stratification. To assess the characteristics of the semidiurnal tidal velocity profile and its variability, four instruments to measure current velocity profiles were deployed in the German Bight during August 2016 and May 2018. Measurements were carried out for the duration of up to three tidal cycles, accompanied by parallel profiles of water temperature and salinity taken from the anchored ship nearby. Results show that periodic stratification related to the river freshwater plume is associated with periodically counter‐rotating tidal currents during the tidal cycle. The measurement position relative to the location of the density front of the plume appears to be critical for the occurrence of counter‐rotation. The observed dynamics are qualitatively compared to two other well‐studied coastal ocean regions of freshwater influence.
N2  - Key Points: High‐resolution velocity and density data from the German Bight Region of Freshwater Influence are used to assess M2 tidal properties and intra‐tidal variability. M2 tidal motion is a hybrid of standing and progressive waves, with the standing wave contribution dominating. Periodic counter‐rotation of upper‐ and lower‐layer current trajectories during the tidal cycle is related to water column stratification.
UR  - http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gldocs-11858/10197
ER  -