TY  - JOUR
A1  - Glaser, Clarissa
A1  - Schwientek, Marc
A1  - Junginger, Tobias
A1  - Gilfedder, Benjamin Silas
A1  - Frei, Sven
A1  - Werneburg, Martina
A1  - Zwiener, Christian
A1  - Zarfl, Christiane
T1  - Comparison of environmental tracers including organic micropollutants as groundwater exfiltration indicators into a small river of a karstic catchment
Y1  - 2020-09-29
VL  - 34
IS  - 24
SP  - 4712
EP  - 4726
JF  - Hydrological Processes
DO  - 10.23689/fidgeo-4066
PB  - John Wiley & Sons
CY  - Inc.
N2  - Understanding groundwater–surface water (GW–SW) interactions is vital for water management in karstic catchments due to its impact on water quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the applicability of seven environmental tracers to quantify and localize groundwater exfiltration into a small, human‐impacted karstic river system. Tracers were selected based on their emission source to the surface water either as (a) dissolved, predominantly geogenic compounds (radon‐222, sulphate and electrical conductivity) or (b) anthropogenic compounds (predominantly) originating from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents (carbamazepine, tramadol, sodium, chloride). Two contrasting sampling approaches were compared (a) assuming steady‐state flow conditions and (b) considering the travel time of the water parcels (Lagrangian sampling) through the catchment to account for diurnal changes in inflow from the WWTP. Spatial variability of the concentrations of all tracers indicated sections of preferential groundwater inflow. Lagrangian sampling techniques seem highly relevant for capturing dynamic concentration patterns of WWTP‐derived compounds. Quantification of GW inflow with the finite element model FINIFLUX, based on observed in‐stream Rn activities led to plausible fluxes along the investigated river reaches (0.265 m3 s−1), while observations of other natural or anthropogenic environmental tracers produced less plausible water fluxes. Important point sources of groundwater exfiltration can be ascribed to locations where the river crosses geological fault lines. This indicates that commonly applied concepts describing groundwater–surface water interactions assuming diffuse flow in porous media are difficult to transfer to karstic river systems whereas concepts from fractured aquifers may be more applicable. In general, this study helps selecting the best suited hydrological tracer for GW exfiltration and leads to a better understanding of processes controlling groundwater inflow into karstic river systems.
N2  - Karst aquifers represent an increased complexity when aiming to measure the interaction between groundwater and river water. Combining field‐based measurements on catchment scale and modelling, the applicability of ‘classical’ environmental groundwater tracers was compared to selected organic (micro)pollutants often considered as conservative and originally arising from a wastewater treatment plant. This study demonstrates that the choice of an appropriate tracer is crucial when either aiming to quantify groundwater exfiltration into karstic river systems, or indicating hydrological processes, applying (globally) omnipresent pollutants.
UR  - http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gldocs-11858/8406
ER  -